Child Poverty measures, targets and indicators

Measures

The legislation establishes a balanced suite of measures to measure and report on child poverty. The measures will track progress towards the targets, allow some international comparison, and provide a good picture of the impact of policy decisions on the lives of children.

There are four primary measures of poverty and hardship for which the Government must set targets:

• Low income before housing costs (below 50% of median income, moving line)
• Low income after housing costs (below 50% of median income, fixed line)
• A measure of material hardship (reflecting the proportion of children living in households with hardship rates below a standard threshold)
• A measure of poverty persistence (currently being developed, reflecting the proportion of children living in households experiencing poverty over several years, based on at least one of the measures above). (The Act requires reporting on persistent poverty from 2025/26 on.)

There are also six supplementary measures set out in the Act. These allow further international comparison, and ensure that trends at different levels of severity can be monitored and reported on.

The Government Statistician is responsible for defining a number of concepts and terms under the Child Poverty Reduction Act, such as material hardship.

See the Government Statistician’s definitions of concepts and terms.

Targets

The Act requires the Government to set and review targets for child poverty reduction based on the primary measures. The Act requires 10-year targets to be set, as well as 3-year intermediate targets that support the 10-year long-term targets.

Following the release of the baseline rates as reported by Statistics New Zealand in April 2019, the Government has now officially set its targets for the three primary measures for which data is available.

Ten year longer term targets:*

By 2027/28, the Government aims to reduce the proportion of children in:

• low income households on the before housing costs primary measure from 16 percent of children to 5 percent – a reduction of around 120,000 children.
• low income households on the after housing costs primary measure from 23 percent of children  to 10 percent – a reduction of around 130,000 children.
• material hardship from 13 percent of children to 6 percent – a reduction of around 80,000 children.

Three year intermediate targets:*

By 2020/21, the Government aims to reduce the proportion of children in:

• low income households on the before housing costs primary measure from 16 percent of children to 10 percent – a reduction of around 70,000 children.
• low income households on the after housing costs primary measure from 23 percent of children to 19 percent – a reduction of around 40,000 children.
• material hardship from 13 percent of children to 10 percent – a reduction of around 30,000 children.

*Some of the figures have been rounded.  The official targets are set out in detail in the New Zealand Gazette notice. 

See a copy of the New Zealand Gazette notice text.

See the Prime Minister’s press release about the official targets.

Child Poverty Related Indicators

The Act requires the Government to report annually on one or more ‘child poverty related indicators’ or ‘CPRIs’. These are measures related to the broader causes and consequences of child poverty, and/or outcomes with a clear link to child poverty.
The Government has identified its CPRIs, which are:

• housing affordability – as measured by the percentage of children and young people (ages 0-17) living in households spending more than 30 percent of their disposable income on housing. 
• housing quality – as measured by the percentage of children and young people (ages 0-17) living in households with a major problem with dampness or mould.
• food insecurity – as measured by the percentage of children (ages 0-15) living in households reporting food runs out often or sometimes.
• regular school attendance – as measured by the percentage of children and young people (ages 6-16) who are regularly attending school.
• avoidable hospitalisations – as measured by the rate of children (ages 0-15) hospitalised for potentially avoidable illnesses.

The Government intends to begin its reporting on CPRIs early next year. The reporting on these CPRIs will include the measures at different thresholds, and also have the measures broken down by household income or socioeconomic status. 

See a copy of the New Zealand Gazette notice text.

Baseline rates as reported by Statistics New Zealand

The baseline year for these targets is 2017/18. Statistics New Zealand released the 2017/18 baseline rates in April. These rates reflect household circumstances from mid-2016 to mid-2018.

The first set of three year targets are due to be achieved in 2020/21. Statistics New Zealand are likely to publish 2020/21 rates in early 2022.

Budget report

An amendment to the Public Finance Act 1989 requires the Government to publish a report on child poverty as part of the Budget each year. This report must discuss the latest progress made in reducing child poverty, and indicate how initiatives in that Budget will affect child poverty.

See a copy of the report for Budget 2019.